Ermasova, N., Cross, A. D. and Ermasova, E. (2020). Perceived Stress and Adjustment Among Law Enforcement Officers: An Empirical Analysis of Patrol Officers vs. Non-Patrol Officers in Illinois, USA. doi: 10.1007/s11896-019-09356-z Magnavita, N., Capitanelli, I., Garbarino, S. and Pira, E. (2018). Work-related stress as a cardiovascular risk factor for police officers: a systematic review of the evidence. Int.
Arch. Occupancy. Surround. Health 91, 377-389. doi: 10.1007/s00420-018-1290-y One study analysed how Scottish officers managed stress on and off duty. Purba, A. and Demou, E. (2019).
The relationship between organizational stressors and psychological well-being among police officers: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 19:1286. doi: 10.1186/s12889-019-7609-0 Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 24 (SPSS Inc., Chicago) and the Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 24. In the first phase, preliminary analyses were conducted to assess descriptive statistics as well as item-level normality and non-multicollinearity. To test the factor structure of the PSQ operation, we used a combination of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The sample was randomly divided into two samples by the SPSS randomization function. With the first part of the sample (n = 636), a HGF was performed using principal axis factorization (PAF) with direct oblimine rotation to identify a viable factor structure by extracting the minimum number of factors explaining the maximum variance on the 20-point scale. A CFA was performed on the remaining sample to verify that the solution obtained from the EIS had an acceptable fit. Approximation root mean square error (RMRM), comparative fit index (TFI) and normalized mean square residue (SRMR) were the three indicators used to assess model fit. An acceptable fit model was determined when RMSEA ≤ 0.90 and SRMR 0.10 (Kline, 2005). The completeness of the chi-square test (χ2) has been reported, but has not been used to verify model fit due to its sensitivity to large samples (Kelloway, 1995). Based on multivariate normality violations, CFA used maximum likelihood estimation with bootstrapping (1000 resamples).
The Bollen-Stine-Bootstrap p was an index adjustment that was also reported. Other factor models were generated and tested according to change indices (MI > 11). Shane, J. M. (2010). Organizational stressors and police performance. J. Crim. Level. 38, 807-818.
doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.05.008 Results suggesting gender differences in work stressors were significant. Our results suggest that female police officers are generally more stressed than men by the lack of support from male staff and the organization. Female police officers experienced a 37% higher prevalence of inadequate support from their supervisor than male officers. The percentage of female officers varies depending on the type of police service (state, county, city and municipality) and the size of the police service. In 2007, women accounted for approximately 15% of the total number of sworn law enforcement officers in large local police services (www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/wle8708.pdf). Police organizations need to establish further guidelines on discrimination issues and training on the positive aspects of women in policing (Hartley et al., 2014). Schuck and Rabe-Hemp (2007), for example, suggested that women may be better than men in policing because of fewer citizen complaints, complaints of excessive violence, and allegations of excessive violence. Johnson (1991) found that women felt that better communication skills compensated for their lack of physical ability. Couto, G., Vandenberghe, L. and Brito, E.
(2012). Interações interpessoais e estresse entre policiais. Arq. Bhs. Psicol. 64, 47–63. One of the biggest problems for police officers is that stress can go unnoticed and undetected. Public servants are constantly stressed and do not take the time to seek treatment.
They often deny the stress they experience for fear of being perceived as weak or unable to cope with their work. A recent study (Kurtz, 2008) suggests that most research on police stress fails to address a fundamental problem: gender. The results of this study suggest that police stress and burnout are not only a response to a highly stressful environment, but are embedded in the gendered structure and process of policing. Some studies have looked at gender differences in the relationship between police stress and health outcomes, but there are ways to broaden our understanding. These include Hartley et al. (2011) reported that police stressors were associated with metabolic syndrome in female police officers, but not in female officers. Yoo and Franke (2010) found that female police officers had higher levels of stress than male police officers and higher rates of high cholesterol and diabetes than the general female population. This study provides preliminary data for the Portuguese version of the police stress questionnaire, which has adequate psychometric characteristics.
As this is a short measure, it can easily be used in the future to identify first officers who are at risk of developing mental health issues, as occupational stress is linked to burnout as an inadequate method of managing chronic stress in the workplace. This study used data from a large sample of Portuguese police officers, who make up 10% of the total national force, and the findings can be used to identify levels of stress and burnout before implementing intervention programs. In addition, the literature review can be used to identify scientific studies that have assessed stress and burnout among police officers using questionnaires. Such studies can help reduce the stigma of seeking help when police confirm that a large number of colleagues have the same symptoms and difficulties. Kirkcaldy, B. (1993). Stress and job satisfaction: international police officers. Psychol. 72:386.
doi: 10.2466/pr0.1993.72.2.386 Patel, R., Huggard, P., and Toledo, A. (2017). Professional stress and burnout among surgeons in Fiji. In front of-. Public Health 5:41. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00041 Table 6. Relationship between latent OP QSP variables and symptoms of distress and burnout (n = 2057). Allison, P, Mnatsakanova, A., McCanlies, E., Fekedulegn, D., Hartley, T. A., Andrew, M. E., et al. (2019). Police stress and depressive symptoms: the role of adaptation and resilience.
J. [EPUB before printing]. doi: 10.1108/pijpsm-04-2019-0055 The AVEs values indicated convergent proof of concept. The AVEs were determined for social issues (AVEs = 0.59) and labour-related issues (AVEs = 0.54). With regard to discriminant validity, factor VAVE was compared with r2DV. The eTA for both scales was less than r2DV = 0.76. These data confirmed that the factors are strongly related, suggesting that a one-dimensional model or a latent second-order model may be acceptable solutions. Psychological suffering in police officers can be expressed to others through withdrawal or cynical behaviour or personal impact in the form of depression, sometimes leading to suicide. In fact, police suicide has become a serious problem and is often perpetrated with the military handgun (Costa et al., 2019). The discussion in this study can help raise awareness of mental health issues, particularly chronic conditions, that can lead to burnout, and reduce the stigma of burnout and the stigma associated with seeking help (Endriulaitiene et al., 2019). The results highlight the importance of occupational health services for the prevention of risks and the recovery of workers who play a crucial role in society, such as police officers, who deal with security at the national level. Studies to determine police stress and burnout levels must continue and will help identify risk and protective factors that affect an individual`s well-being, quality of life, job performance and mental health, as well as their family and police recipients (society and citizens).
Garbarino, S., Cuomo, G., Chiorri, C. and Magnavita, N. (2013). Association of work-related stress with mental health issues in a special police unit. BMJ Open 3, 1-12. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002791 Gutshall, C. L., Hampton, D. P., Sebetan, I. M., Stein, P. C.
and Broxtermann, T. J. (2017). The effects of occupational stress on the cognitive performance of police officers. Police practice. 18, 463-477. doi : 10.1080/15614263.2017.1288120 For law enforcement officers, stress can increase fatigue to the point where decision-making is hindered and public servants cannot adequately protect themselves or citizens.